More than sixty years after African countries gained independence, their resource-rich sites are still controlled and developed by foreign companies. Laws on resource extraction and processing are still written in favor of the private corporations. They significantly simplify exporting the resources. Now African countries are looking forward to regaining their sovereignty. In 2022, Mali openly defied French neo-colonialism and forced the international coalition to withdraw troops from the country after decades of its presence. How did Mali become the flagship of struggle for independence in Africa?
